1900 – Boston, MA – 40 Fenwood Road – C. E. Mead Two-Family House

 

Notable Elements

• Beaded mortar joints with mortar applied over irregular stone faces and tooled to give the appearance of random ashlar [Foundation]
• Composition ornaments consisting of festoons and rosettes with fleurs-de-lys; ornamented window heads with stylized wooden fans in segmental pediments [Exterior]

History

The C. E. Mead Two-Family House is one of many two- and three-family houses constructed on Fenwood Road and Francis Street at the foot of Boston’s Parker Hill at the turn of the nineteenth century by Jeremiah C. Spillane, a real estate developer.  Spillane acquired a large parcel of land in this area in 1897 and quickly laid out streets and building lots, thereafter constructing more than twenty multifamily houses in addition to several masonry apartment houses within a span of eight years.  The majority of buildings constructed in the area were substantial wood-frame, two- and three-family houses.  Building permits usually list Spillane as the architect and builder of these residences, but no evidence of Spillane’s architectural training or experience has been uncovered.  Other permits for buildings constructed by Spillane list individual architects; however, the similarity of the buildings’ plans and decoration suggests that architects were engaged primarily to produce drawings necessary for obtaining building permits more quickly than could be done by a single office, and to individualize some of the building details, perhaps to the specifications of initial buyers.

No architect has been identified for the Mead Two-Family House, although it possesses a plan that is essentially the same as those of two-family houses at 36 Fenwood Road, and at 55 & 57 Fenwood Road, with which it also shares a number of ornamental details.  Typically, two-family houses in the area contained a six-room apartment on the first floor and a ten-room apartment on the upper two floors.  Apartments in both two- and three-family houses usually contained a parlor or double parlor, dining room, kitchen, pantry and between three and five bedrooms each.  Initially purchased by upwardly mobile working-class and middle-class families with a high proportion of immigrants and first-generation Americans, two-family houses, such as the Mead House, cost between $5,000 and $6,000.  Apartments in the Mead House and its neighboring buildings were mostly owner-occupied by an extended single family or a family with two or three lodgers.

The initial owner of the house is identified as C. E. Mead on the 1905 Atlas of the City of Boston.  It is unclear if C. E. Mead is related to Charles H. Mead, a builder with offices in downtown Boston, and an Edward C. Mead of Mead, Mason & Co., building contractors who were listed in the 1905 city directory as having an office in downtown Boston; both men lived in Everett.  Listed as residing at this property in 1905 was James J. Mead, a superintendent at the “B A Association.”  In 1910, the house was occupied by only one family, who rented an apartment.  Ellen McLaughlin, a 93-year-old widow born in Ireland, lived here with her two single adult daughters, Ellen, 41, and Mary, 39, a bookkeeper for a photographer, and three young grandchildren.  The Mead family retained ownership at least until 1919 when Mrs. James Mead of Swampscott was listed as the property’s owner.

Spillane was active in the real estate business from 1899 to 1913, and was directly responsible for the construction of twenty of the houses in this area, including 11, 15, 19, 32, 35, 36, 40, 43, 44, 49, 54 & 56 Fenwood Road, and 12, 16, 22, 32, 34, 36, 38, 44, 50 & 52 Francis Street.  At least eight professional architects are recorded as working in the Francis Street and Fenwood Road District.  Most were local firms well-known for producing high-quality, one- and two- family houses and three-deckers in Roxbury, Jamaica Plain and Brookline.  The most prolific of the designers in the district was Samuel Rantin and Son of Roxbury, who designed 30 and 73 Fenwood Road, 40 Francis Street, 733 Huntington Ave (the Harmon Commercial Block), and 24 St. Albans Street.  Frederick W. Mahoney of Roxbury designed three buildings, at 32, 36 & 44 Francis Street.  Architects P. J. Cantwells, Timothy Desmond, Cornelius Russell, J. Schwartz (the Avondale apartments at 777-779 Huntington Ave.) and R. H. Watson are also represented in the district.  The Boston Landmarks Commission Inventory Form for 170 St. Alphonsus Street notes that “Samuel Rantin and Son… were responsible for designing during the 1890’s through the 1910’s, many triple-decker houses of unusually high quality—in the Parker Hill, Highland Park, and Hyde Square (Jamaica Plain) areas.” A collection of architectural drawings by Rantin and Son is contained in the archives of Historic New England.

By the 1960s, Francis Street and the adjacent streets developed by Spillane had suffered deterioration and abandonment due to the migration of former residents to Boston’s suburbs.  Much of the area was acquired by Harvard University.  Most buildings in the area were subsequently transferred to the Roxbury Tenants of Harvard, a tenants’ cooperative that renovated the buildings by subdividing most apartments into smaller units.  Original interior finishes were nearly entirely removed in the 1980s; however, notable exterior features remain in a rich variety of composition ornament and an unusually well preserved variety of mortar joints, including lined-out, tinted and beaded mortar joints preserved on foundations throughout the district.  Once common, these methods of finishing mortar joints have been forgotten as evidence of them has weathered away.  [See: Foundation below]

Date

1900

Builder/Architect

Jeremiah Spillane, developer – no architect or builder identified

Building Type

Two-family house

Foundation

As with the majority of buildings constructed in the Francis Street-Fenwood Road area, the foundation of the Mead House is constructed of Roxbury Puddingstone that was quarried on or near the building’s site.  The stonework is laid in random rubble with wide, irregular mortar joints to provide a continuous surface.  Mortar joints have been applied atop both mortar and stone faces to give the appearance of rectilinear random ashlar.  Mortar has a buff color that suggests it may contain natural cement.  Beaded mortar joints have been pressed to create a smooth surface on the joint while surrounding mortar has been left with a rougher surface to blend with the quarried puddingstone.  Like lined-out mortar joints, beaded mortar joints have long been used over coarser masonry materials to give the appearance of finer, more regular masonry finishes.  The majority of such finishes have weathered away and not been replaced in-kind; however, examples survive in sheltered locations on buildings throughout the Francis Street-Fenwood Road area, most notably at 32, 36 & 44 Fenwood Road and at 22 & 52 Francis Street.  Providing further evidence of the intentional quality of these finishes, sections of foundation that were originally concealed by the front and rear porches are constructed in random rubble with untooled bedding mortar at their joints, as they were never intended to be exposed to view.

Frame

Building permits report that buildings in this area were constructed with mortise-and-tenon wood construction (braced frame).  Building frames were not available for examination during the most recent building assessment (2014); however, braced frame construction remained in use for architect-designed buildings at least as late as 1887 and probably into the early twentieth century.

Exterior

All elevations are clad with wooden shingles stained dark brown, a color characteristic of the period.  At the façade, shingles are installed with staggered butts for picturesque effect.  Other notable period elements include the façade’s two bay windows, one of which is bowed in an arc, the other three-sided, a recessed gable porch and an ornate cornice decorated with composition ornament festoons, rosettes with fleurs-de-lys and modillion brackets.  Side elevations retain ornamented window heads with stylized wooden fans in their pediments and turned brackets typical of those found on architecturally ambitious two- and three-families of the period.  Ornaments such as these are found throughout the Francis Street-Fenwood Road area.  It is not known whether these elements were selected entirely by the developer/architect or if potential buyers were offered options from which to choose, as many of the same details appear in different contexts on buildings throughout the area.

Contributor

Brian Pfeiffer, architectural historian; Wendy Frontiero, historical research

Sources

Unpublished conditions assessment conducted by Wendy Frontiero & Brian Pfeiffer, 2014.

“Francis Street – Fenwood Road District,” unpublished nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.  Wendy Frontiero, 2015.  Filed at the Massachusetts Historical Commission.

Boston City Directories:  1875 – 1931.

Boston Daily Globe. “Real Estate,” Dec. 16, 1897; “Schoolhouse Lots,” Jan. 8, 1902; “Spillane on Trial,” Sept. 20, 1907; “Declares His Innocence,” Sept. 21, 1907.

Bromley, G. W.  Atlas of the City of Boston.  1884, 1890, 1899, 1906, 1915, 1931.

City of Boston, Boston Landmarks Commission (Rosalind Pollan and Edward Gordon).  1984 Survey and Planning Grant; Part I – Parker Hill/Mission Hill Project Completion Report, 1985.